• Plant Disease Diagnostics
• Soil and Nutrient Testing
• Agricultural Water Testing Services

Plant health can be affected by many influences. At The University of Guelph, Agriculture & Food Laboratory, with our experienced plant pathologists, we routinely provide scientific diagnostic results to resolve your plant health issues. Preventative measures are often much less expensive than curative approaches, while still impeding or avoiding disease development in plants as well as reducing or eliminating losses in quality. Our plant analyses encompass a wide variety of greenhouse vegetables, field crops and flowers.
 
The quality of crops can be affected by many things.  Receive testing today and use our plant diagnostic services and standard/custom analytical packages.
 
Learn more below about our plant testing services or contact us to learn how our laboratories can meet your testing needs.

PLEASE NOTE:  Due to import restrictions, we do not accept plant samples from outside Canada. 

Plant Disease Diagnostics

Bacteria

Plant pathogenic bacteria are spread in many different ways and enter host plants through wounds or natural openings. They can cause severe diseases on plants including leaf and fruit spots, stem, fruit and tuber rots, blights, cankers, galls, scabs, and wilts.
Our experienced diagnosticians use disease symptoms, bacterial streaming, and/or plating on microbiological media to confirm bacterial infection in plant samples submitted to the clinic. Biolog or DNA sequencing is then used to identify the bacteria to species. Our rapid PCR methods can be used for detection of bacterial pathogens.

Biolog:

• Erwinia amylovora (Fire blight)
• Erwinia carotovora
• Pseudomonas syringae
• Ralstonia solanacearum (Tomato bacterial wilt)
• Xanthomonas campestris
• and many more

PCR detection is available for:

• Agrobacterium tumefaciens spp. (Ti and Ri plamids)
• Agrobacterium vitis (Crown gall of grapevine)
• Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum
• Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Tomato bacterial canker) (accredited by Standards Council of Canada)
• Dickeya spp. (Potato soft rot etc.)
• Erwinia amylovora (Fire blight)
• Erwinia tracheiphila (Bacterial wilt of cucurbit)
• Phytoplasmas including Aster Yellows
• Streptomyces spp. (Potato common scab)
• Xanthomonas spp. (Bacterial spot on tomato and sweet pepper)
• Xylella fastidiosa

Plant Disease Clinic Shipping & Sampling Guidelines

Fungi

Many plant diseases are caused by fungi and fungi-like organisms. Plant pathogenic fungi cause a very wide range of diseases including crown, fruit, root, stem, and tuber rots, leaf and fruit spots, blights, cankers, damping-off, diebacks, galls, rusts, and wilts.

Traditionally, fungal diseases have been diagnosed by disease symptoms and by observing fungal structures under a microscope. Structures such as hypae, spores, and the cells that produced spores must be examined to identify the fungal pathogen. When fungal structures are not present, symptomatic plant tissue can be placed in a moist chamber to promote fungal growth or can be plated on selective microbiological media to isolate the fungus. Our diagnosticians are experienced in traditional techniques for identification of fungal plant pathogens and combine these with the most modern DNA-based pathogen detection and identification techniques.

DNA Multiscan is an accurate and rapid test that is available for detection and identification of fungi. This test is offered in Canada exclusively by The University of Guelph, Agriculture & Food Laboratory (AFL) and is based on proven molecular technology protocols. The DNA Multiscan can be used to test for plant pathogenic fungi in plants, soil and water. The basic scan can accurately detect over 25 pathogens. The diagnostic scan, can accurately detect over 65 pathogens. Scans specific to turfgrass and ginseng are also offered. Results are available in 4-5 business days. Use the links below to see sample reports listing the fungi detected by the different DNA scans. 

Sample Reports

• Basic Scan (Plant, water or soil)
• Diagnostic Scan (plant, water or soil)
• Turf Scan

PCR detection methods for fungal pathogens include:

• Aphanomyces cochlioides
• Aphanomyces euteiches
• Ceratocystis fagacearum (Oak wilt)
• Cylindrocarpon destructans f. sp. panacis (syn: Ilyonectria mors-panacis)
• Cylindrocladium buxicola (Boxwood blight)
• Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici
• Pseudoperonospora humili (Hop Systemic downy mildew infection)
• Plasmodiophora brassicae (Club root)
• Pyrenochaeta lycopersici (Corky root)
• Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea  (Potato powdery scab)
• Verticillium spp. (V. dahlia, V. longisporum, V. alfalfae, V. albo-atrum and V. nonalfalfae)

Plant Disease Clinic Shipping & Sampling Guidelines

Viruses and Virus-Like Agents

Viruses and virus-like agents are the smallest of the plant pathogens and cannot be seen with a light microscope. They are non-cellular and unable to reproduce without the cellular machinery of their host. They are immobile and unable to disseminate without the aid of other organisms or the environment. The genetic material of most plant viruses is RNA but in some viruses it is DNA. Viruses cause a variety of symptoms in plants including curling, mosaic patterns, mottling, necrosis, puckering, ringspots, stunting, twisting, and wilting. Viruses are often named based on the host plant in which they were first identified and the symptoms they caused in that host. Symptoms caused by a virus can vary depending on host, age of host, and environmental conditions. Some virus symptoms can be very similar to those of nutrient deficiencies and environmental stresses.

Our diagnosticians recognize symptoms consistent with virus infection and use fast, reliable detection methods to test for the presence of common viruses.

The Plant Disease Clinic provides detection of viruses and virus-like agents in plants by ELISA (immunoassay), RT-PCR (RNA viruses) and PCR (DNA viruses).
 
ELISA (accredited by Standards Council of Canada)  
We offer ELISA virus screens for the crops listed below. Virus screens test the common viruses of a crop. Please click below on the specific crop to view common viruses. We can also customize tests according to our client’s requirements.

• See a list of viruses tested by ELISA method

Crop Specific Screens

• Barley/wheat screen
• Bean screen
• Blueberry/cranberry screen
• Cannabis screen   *(Please contact us prior to submitting samples for this test)
• Corn screen
• Cucurbits screen
• Kalanchoe screen
• Orchid screen
• Ornamental screen
• Pepper screen
• Petunia screen
• Raspberry screen
• Soybean screen
• Strawberry screen
• Tomato screen

PCR/RT-PCR

Our PCR/RT-PCR detection methods include:
 

• Beet pseudo yellow virus (BPYV)
• Blackberry yellow vein associated virus (BYVaV)
• Carlavirus group
• Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV)
• Dahlia mosaic virus (DMV)
• Grapevine red blotch associated virus (GRBaV)
• Hop mosaic virus (HpMV)
• Hop latent virus (HpLV)
• Hop latent virus (HLVd)
• Hop stunt viroid (HSVd)
• IIarvirus Group
• Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) and genotyping
• Pospiviroid
• Potyvirus group
• Raspberry left mottle virus (RLMV)
• Rubus yellow net virus (RYNV)
• Rose rosette virus
• Strawberry crinkle virus (SCV)
• Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV)
• Strawberry mild yellow edge virus (SMYEV)
• Strawberry pallidosis virus (SPaV)
• Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV)
• Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV)
• Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV)
• Tobamovirus group
• Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)
• Tospovirus group

Plant Disease Clinic Shipping & Sampling Guidelines

Nematodes

Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that inhabit a wide range of environments. Plant-parasitic nematodes cause damage by feeding on the roots of host plants and, in certain cases, cause damage by feeding on above-ground parts of host plants. Nematode feeding causes reduction of root mass and distortion and/or enlargement of roots. Damage to the root system also allows infection by other soil-plant pathogens.

• Nematode Identification and Count from Roots/Plant Tissues
• Pinewood Nematode Detection in Wood        
• Nematode Count from Soil (accredited by Standards Council of Canada)
• Cyst Nematode Count (accredited by Standards Council of Canada)
   

Plant Disease Clinic Shipping & Sampling Guidelines

Insect Identification

Insect pests can cause significant damage to host plants. The insect pests can be identified by DNA barcoding. 

Plant Disease Clinic Shipping & Sampling Guidelines

Plant Identification

The AFL provides DNA-based plant identification services. If you are looking for alternative plant identification services, we recommend contacting the Royal Botanical Gardens in Burlington.  

Apple Scab Fungicide Resistance Testing

The Plant Disease Clinic (PDC) can test for resistance to Syllit (Dodine), Nova (Myclobutanil), Inspire (Difenoconazole), and Flint (Trifloxystrobin) using a fungicide plating technique. You can choose to test for resistance to all of these fungicides or test one, two or three. There are leaf collection and testing suggestions below for ‘Just Checking’ and for ‘Suspected Control Failure’. Due to the nature of the testing used, results will take up to four months.

We also offer PCR testing for the G143A mutation, which is the cause of  Trifloxystrobin resistance in most isolates. Results of G143A mutation PCR testing take approximately five business days.

Collection of leaves with apple scab is the most important step in fungicide resistance testing. If leaves have been sprayed, collected at the wrong time, or stored incorrectly, PDC may not be able to recover viable spores for testing. The success of fungicide resistance testing is greatest when leaves are submitted before the end of June.

Please follow the collection instructions below carefully.

I. Just Checking

Select six to eight test trees at the corner of a typical orchard block and leave them unsprayed until scab lesions develop on cluster leaves. When scab lesions develop on cluster leaves, collect 50 young leaves containing fresh lesions. After you have collected leaves for resistance testing, you are free to spray the test trees. Testing 12 or 25 isolates of the apple scab fungus from the test trees is recommended.

II. Suspected Control Failure

Collect 75-100 leaves with apple scab from throughout the orchard. Testing 25-50 isolates of the apple scab fungus is recommended. Collect leaves with fresh lesions.

Photos courtesy of Kerik Cox, Cornell University.

III. Collection Instructions

PLEASE READ CAREFULLY!

• Collecting leaves with several separate scab lesions is OK but do not collect leaves with sheet scab.
• Please separate leaves with a paper towel or newspaper to absorb moisture. Collect leaves after the dew has dried.
• Do not collect leaves during or in the days after a hot spell (several days >28°C). Prolonged hot temperatures will kill the spores.
• Do not collect leaves immediately after a rain event. If there is a heavy or prolonged rain event, wait at least 48 hours after the rain stops before collecting leaves. Rain will wash spores from the leaves.
• After collecting leaves, keep them at temperatures lower than 24°C. Spores of the apple scab pathogen are more sensitive to heat than other pathogens and being left in a hot location, such as a vehicle in the sun, will kill the spores.
• Send leaves by overnight courier or drop them off at our clinic. Do not ship on a Friday. If necessary, leaves can be refrigerated for one or two days before shipping. Shipping leaves in a cooler with an ice pack is recommended, especially in hot weather. 

IV. Sample Submission

Fill in a sample submission form to include with your shipment of leaves. Remember to indicate the fungicides to be tested as well as the number of isolates to be tested on the submission form.
 
Ship to:

• Plant Disease Clinic
  University of Guelph
  95 Stone Road West
  Guelph ON N1G 2Z4
  Tel: 519-823-1268 Ext. 57256

PCR Testing:  PCR testing for the G143A mutation, which is responsible for Trifloxystrobin resistance in most isolates, is also available. Please contact us.  
 
*The fungicide plating technique was developed with the support of the Pest Management Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and the Ontario Apple Growers.

Soil and Nutrient Testing

Nutrient Analysis

Plant Package 2	Total N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Al, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, S and Zn in plant tissue
Total Nitrogen	Combustion Method
Total Carbon	Combustion Method
Plant Ammonium and Nitrate	KCl extractable NH4-N and NO3-N

Crop Soil Fertility Package

Soil pH (sat. past) + SMP buffer pH, if pH <6.1, Phosphorus (P), sodium bicarbonate extractable, mg/L soil, Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Sodium (Na), ammonium acetate extractable, mg/L soil.  OMAFRA recommendations (P, K, Mg) included if crop is specified (can include up to 2 crops per sample).

Crop Soil Fertility Complete

Soil pH (sat. past) + SMP buffer pH, if pH <6.1, Phosphorus (P), sodium bicarbonate extractable, mg/L soil, Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Sodium (Na), ammonium acetate extractable, mg/L soil, Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), DTPA extractable, mg/L soil, Manganese (Mn), phosphoric acid extractable, mg/L soil. OMAFRA recommendations (P, K, Mg) included if crop is specified (can include up to 2 crops per sample). Note: Do not use galvanized implements to sample soil due to possible zinc and iron contamination.

Our Soil and Nutrient Laboratory provides nutrient and elemental analysis of soil. The following tests are only suitable for commercial crop growers and not for residential properties. Our methods are designed for mineral soils and are not suitable for growing media that includes perlite or vermiculite.

*Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium	Ammonium acetate extractable. Reported mg/L soil.
*Copper, Iron, Zinc	DPTA extractable. Reported mg/L soil.
*Manganese	Phosphoric acid extractable Mn. Reported mg/L soil.
*Phosphorus	Sodium bicarbonate extractable P. Reported mg/L soil.

pH (sat. paste)	The measurement of acidity of alkalinity in soil as received. OMAFRA accredited method.
pH (CaCl2)	The measurement of soil pH in 1:1 soil – 0.01M CaCl2 solution.
Environmental Metals	Closed vessel, mixed acid, microwave digestion of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, mercury, selenium, lead and zinc by ICP-MS.
CEC	Cation Exchange Capacity (Barium chloride method).
Organic Matter	O.M. (Loss on Ignition).
Total Carbon	Total C in solid samples (Combustion method)
Inorganic Carbon	Inorganic C in solid samples (Combustion method)
Carbon Package	Total, organic and inorganic C in solid samples (Combustion method)
Total Sulphur	Total acid digest
Total Nitrogen	Total N in solid samples (Combustion method).
Soil Ammonium and Nitrate	KCl extractable NH4
Soil Nitrate	KCl extractable NO3-N
Soil Nitrite	KCl extractable NO2-N
Soil Chloride	Ca(NO3)2 extractable Cl
E.C. (2.1)	Standard Electrical Conductivity method (Total Salt method)
E.C (sat. paste)	Electrical conductivity of saturated paste extraction.
Soil Moisture	Soil moisture is determined gravimetrically on moist soil samples.
Particle Size Distribution	Includes % sand, % silt, % clay, sand fraction and textural classification (Pipette method)
Bulk Density	Undisturbed core sample is recommended.  Contact the lab for soil sampling rings.

Manure and Waste Analysis

Manure Package	Total Kjeldahl N, P, Na & K, NH4 and percent dry matter in manures and other wastes.
NASM Package	Total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium-N and nitrate + nitrite-N, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and dry matter. Suitable for NASM samples.

Carbon Package	Total, organic and inorganic C in solid or slurry samples (Combustion method).
Total Carbon	Total C in solid or slurry samples (Combustion method).
Dry Matter	Dried at 105oC
Loss on ignition	Loss on ignition at 425oC
Manure Ammonium and Nitrate	KCl extractable NH4-N and NO3-N.
Environmental Metals	Nitric/hydrochloric Acid digestible As, Se, Co, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn.
pH (sat. paste)	Standard saturated paste method.
E.C.	Electrical Conductivity 2:1 method.

Agricultural Water Testing Services

Keeping a crop healthy and disease-free often depends on the quality and nutrients of the irrigation water, drainage water or nutrient solutions. The presence of pathogenic agents might affect an entire crop. Monitoring the quality of water is an ideal way to keep a crop disease-free.

The Agriculture and Food Laboratory offers a variety of  analyses including heavy metal detection, nutrient levels and pesticide residues. Using the Water DNA Scan with its rapid turn-around time, is very useful to determine fungal pathogens as well as the efficacy of a filtration system or a UV disinfection unit.  

Preferably, edible foliage plants and field crops are rinsed or washed after harvest. The amounts of contaminating agents in wash and rinse water greatly influence the shelf-life and quality of ready-to-sell crops. By keeping unwanted organisms below acceptable levels, industry and regulatory quality standards are more easily achieved.

The quality of water can be affected by many things. Receive testing today and use our diagnostic services and standard/custom analytical packages. 

Read below for service descriptions or contact us to learn how we can meet your testing needs.

Nutrient and Elemental Analysis

NOTE:  the following tests are not suitable for drinking water testing.  Methods are for surface and agricultural water samples.  

pH	The measurement of acidity or alkalinity in solution as received.
E.C.	Using the measurement of electrical conductivity to quantify the amount of dissolved salts in solution as received.
Phosphorus, dissolved	Determination of the quantity of ortho-phosphorus (reactive phosphorus) in water samples. Phosphorus exists primarily as phosphates in natural waters or wastewaters. Colorimetric determination.
Ammonium-N	Determination of ammonium-N in solution samples. Read on an ‘as received’ basis. Colorimetric determination.
Nitrate-N	Determination of dissolved nitrate + nitrite-N in solution samples. Read on an ‘as received’ basis. Colorimetric determination.
Chloride	Determination of dissolved chloride in solution samples. Read on an ‘as received’ basis. Colorimetric determination.
Dissolved Element Package	Determination of dissolved boron, calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, phosphorus, zinc and sulphur in solutions. ICP-OES determination.

Soil Health

To assess the health of Ontario soils, SNL offers the following analyses to researchers:

Active carbon (permanganate-oxidizable carbon):

This biological indicator determines the fraction of soil organic matter that is available to the microbial portion of the soil for use as carbon as an energy source.

Aggregate Stability:

To determine size distribution of water-stable aggregates and amount of aggregation, SNL offers a modified Yoder sieving machine method to simulate the stability of aggregates under field conditions during rain events.

Short term carbon mineralization (respiration):

This method determines the amount of CO₂ released from a soil by the microbial activity during a specific incubation period and water content, and determines the metabolic activity of the soil microbes.

Potentially mineralizable nitrogen in soil:

This is an indicator of the soil’s microbial ability to mineralize the organic nitrogen that is unavailable to plants and convert it to plant-available ammonium. Samples are incubated anaerobically over 7 days and compared to their starting results.

Autoclaved Citrate Extractable (ACE) Protein:

 This method quantitatively measures soil protein as an index of the pool of organically-bound nitrogen in soil. ACE represents the large pool of organically bound nitrogen in the soil organic matter, which microbial activity can mineralize, and make available for plant uptake. Protein forms indicate the processes involved in the storage and release of nitrogen in organic form are functioning, giving an indicator of overall soil health and the quality of soil organic matter.

In addition, SNL offers the following supporting analyses to soil health methods:

• Organic matter (by loss on ignition)
• Particle size (pipette method)
• Soil fertility packages

Molecular Testing

Plant Species ID Determination
 
Our DNA-based plant ID test determines species of unknown plant materials such as vegetables, fruits, grains, and trees. The plant materials can be raw and sometimes processed or cooked.
 
Plant Variety/Cultivar Testing
 
There are many varieties/cultivars of a particular plant species. DNA-based tests accurately identify varieties/cultivars to ensure “true-to-variety”.  This testing can confirm the presence of a superior trait, character, or value, for exporting acceptance, or for regulatory compliance. For example, there are six varieties/cultivars of Tebou beans and four types of Azuki beans that look alike.

Only certain varieties/cultivars are acceptable for exporting purposes or having superior quality (value). Our DNA tests provide identification/discrimination, as well as QC-check (for contamination of un-wanted varieties/cultivars) among the Azuki and Tebou bean varieties/cultivars. Our variety/cultivar testing includes, but is not limited to:

• Apples (e.g. Golden Delicious & McIntosh)
• Azuki beans (e.g. Erimosyouzu & Kitanootome)
• Potatoes (e.g. Yukon Gold)
• Raspberries
• Strawberries
• Tebou beans (e.g. Hemi-Tebou & Yuki-Tebou)
• Tobacco (e.g. distinguishing Canadian from American varieties)

Other Useful Links:

• Submitting Samples
• Accreditations